The maintenance of a relatively constant volume and stable composition of the body fluids is essential for homeostasis. Some of the most common and important problems in clinical medicine arise because of abnormalities in the control systems that maintain this relative constancy of the body fluids. In this chapter and in the following chapters on […]
Hypovolemia means diminished blood volume. Hemor- rhage is the most common cause of hypovolemic shock. Hemorrhage decreases the filling pressure of the circula- tion and, as a consequence, decreases venous return. As a result, the cardiac output falls below normal, and shock may ensue. Relationship of Bleeding Volume to Cardiac Output and Arterial Pressure Above […]
Circulatory shock means generalized inadequate blood flow through the body to the extent that the body tis- sues are damaged, especially because too little oxygen and other nutrients are delivered to the tissue cells. Even the cardiovascular system itself-the heart musculature, walls of the blood vessels, vasomotor system, and other circulatory parts-begins to deteriorate, so […]
Germany is known for its well-developed and peaceful cities. The country’s economy heavily depends on motor vehicles and parts. Germany’s economy, which gets 70% of its GDP from vehicle exports, makes it the third-largest vehicle exporter in the world. Its economy and high quality of life make its real estate market one of the most […]
Dubai is a very modern and safe city in the United Arab Emirates. Its economy depends a lot on tourism, oil, and real estate. In recent years, Dubai’s real estate market has boomed, attracting investors from all over the world. Because of this growth, there is a high demand for real estate agents and brokers. […]
Functions of subintimal tissue: Due to high elasticity of elastin fibres and their concentration in mobile parts of the synovial membrane, the subintimal tissue prevents the nipping of synovial membrane during movements. FUNCTIONS OF THE SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE 1.It performs three functions:2.It takes part in the production of synovial fluid.3.It helps in absorption of the fluid.4.It […]
They show following features :- 1.These joints are mainly seen in axial bones. 2.These joints are formed by white fibro-cartilage which connects the articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage.3.They are slightly movable and mobility depends upon sufficient amount of white-fibro cartilage.4.Frequently a cavity is seen which is not lined by synovial membrane. 5.This cavity contains […]
When two or more bones or cartilages come in contact with each other an articulation or a joint is formed. The study of joints is known as arthrology. The previous term syndesmology is not correct because it means study of ligaments (G. Syndermos = ligament) which only form a component of a joint. The joints […]